Discuss the Main Factors Affecting Product Pricing in the Uk

Discuss the main factors affecting product pricing in the UK Two surveys on the price-setting behaviour of UK firms published by the Bank of England in 1996 and 2008 concluded that the price, the amount of money expected, required or given for a certain level of output, was most often set as a result of market conditions1. The same report however found that the second largest price differential was the objective of the specific firm surveyed1, and thus product pricing in the UK can be seen to be determined by the interaction between these objectives and the market structures that bind how firms operate. In the UK these dominant structures are monopolistic, oligopolistic and perfectly competitive, within which there are differing degrees†¦show more content†¦While this does explain only a change in price, not its actual determination, it is effective in presenting why product pricing under oligopolistic market structure can be seen to be relatively stable at point P. That is not to say that firms will not sell their output at different prices in order to increase market share. In the aforementioned oligopolistic market of tour operators, 3rd degree price discrimination can be practised by charging two sets of consumers with differing price elasticities of demand for the same product (price elasticity of demand for the time duration of a holiday becoming more inelastic at around 7 days) contrasting prices, and thus firms can extract consumer surplus from buyers and convert this into supernormal profit. This in turn can be used to defend market position through the cross subsidisation of other markets in which it operates, thereby artificially altering price and driving competitors out of the market. It must ensure however, that the cost of separating the two markets is not greater than the profit made, through the regulation of the resale of flight tickets, for example. However, there is some debate as to whether Friedman’s doctrine of the pursuit of profit has any relevance to modern day corporations; a recent study by ShipleyShow MoreRelatedProduct and Price680 Words   |  3 Pages Discuss the main factors affecting product pricing in the UK. †¢ Product and price: one of the 7 ps †¢ Pricing of a product is extremely crucial for a business because â€Å"the price of your product can either break or make your business†[i] †¢ Examples of any 2 companies where pricing has helped in it’s success and other where it has caused a major downfall: Wal-Mart have gained and retained leadership position in its industrysimply because of their  unique pricing strategy. They devisedRead MoreDiscuss Factors Affecting Product Pricing Ih the Uk1186 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss factors affecting product pricing in the UK. Product pricing in the UK is dependent on several factors. Market structures such as monopoly and oligopoly play a major part in setting price. Market structures can then influence the objectives and behavior within a firm (Sloman amp; Wride, 2009). This can lead to the use of different pricing strategies, thus having varied effects on the level of price set. Traditional theory suggests that a firms’ main objective is profit maximizationRead MoreMain Factors of Product Pricing in the Uk1416 Words   |  6 Pages Discuss the main factors affecting product pricing in the UK? The Oxford English dictionary defines price as â€Å" a value that will purchase a definite quantity, weight, or other measure of a good or service†. Simply put, the price of an object represents the overall demand for that product at a specific time. However, every firm had a different ideology about price and they way they set price. One of these main factors that affect price is the actual objective of the firm. 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The companyRead MorePest Analysis of Airline Industry3460 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦4 1.2 - Competitive Advantage Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 1.2.1 - Strategic Groups†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 1.2.2 - ‘Generic’ Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦7 2.0 - External influences and drivers affecting NEXT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.8 2.1 - PESTLE Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 2.2 Industry Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 3.0 - Value Adding Activities of NEXT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 3.1 - Resource Audit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAssignment Sainsbury3791 Words   |  16 Pageschain based in the UK. 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Now, it has to make a decision whether to take up virtual reality (VR) technology to make the zoo more appealing to customers or continue the wayRead MoreThe Concepts Of Marketing And Marketing3747 Words   |  15 Pagesfamously known as the â€Å"4P’s of Marketing†(stated by McCarthy in 1960) Product, Price, Placement or Place and Promotion Product - The first of the Four Ps of marketing is product. A product may be sometimes a tangible good or an intangible service that meets a need or desire of consumers. Whether you sell custom pallets or wood products or provide high end accommodations, it’s critical to have a definite grasp of exactly what your product is together with what makes it special before you can successfully

Essay on Military Wear and Appearance - 1363 Words

In this essay I will describe the many requirements and expectations set forth in the armys AR670-1. I will describe the importance of obedience to it and cite many of its detailed descriptions. I am writing this essay because I failed to meet the standards asked of me me by both these regulations, and my leadership. I accept the responsibility of my actions and will not let my failure recur, nor will I let my fellow soldiers repeat my mistake. Since my failure was in regards to grooming or personal additions to uniform, I thought it would be pertinent to cover these subjects most thoroughly, If any additional information is required of me I will add on to this. When a man volunteers for the army he agrees to follow a set of†¦show more content†¦Also, articles should not protrude from pockets or have a bulky appearance. The regulation provides guidance for all men and women in the army to keep this high standard of appearance. Army regulation does not just stop with the uniform, it also includes hair, nails, cosmetics, jewelry, religious articles, eyewear, tattoos, and ID tags. Although all of AR670-1 is important to follow, I will start with the army grooming standards, due to my failure to follow these set standards. When considering a change in hairstyle, as I did, it would be wise for anyone to review AR670-1 to prevent assignments such as this. On top of following these guidelines, consultation with ones leadership would be a smart measure. A general grooming standard is important to maintain certain uniformity within the military. Although many hairstyles are acceptable, they must be neat and conservative. Since it is impossible to address every acceptable hairstyle or whether it is considered conservative or not, it is the responsibility of leaders at all levels to demonstrate proper judgment on the enforcement of the standards. For men, it must have a tapered appearance, not fall over the ears, eyebrows, or touch the back of the collar, except for the closely cut hair on the back of the neck. Men are not authorized to have dreadlocks or cornrows. Ha ir that is clipped closely or shaved to the scalp is permitted. Sideburns will be neatly trimmed and not flared andShow MoreRelatedWear and Appearance of Military Uniform Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesThe wear and appearance of soldiers in the United States Army are while in uniform should be neat. There should be no excess â€Å"things† in a person’s pocket but it should lie down flat. The person wearing the uniform should look neat and concise not drawing attention to themselves. Soldiers should look like a unit or group with everyone blending in not standing out because they look different. In the army it’s important to be part of a team and like teams that play basketball, football, soccer, lacrosseRead MoreSoldier and Appearance Military Appearance Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesPages Always Maintain Good Military Appearance Military Appearance In this paper I will discuss the importance of why a NCO or Drill Sergeant should maintain proper military appearance and why it is important. The NCO’s Creed first states that â€Å"no one is more professional than I†, so I am sure that means more than just appearance. It Premium 1553 Words 7 Pages Appearance Is a Very Important and Highly Regarded Concept in the Military. Appearance is a very important and highlyRead MoreMilitary Appearance and Uniform1045 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY UNIFORM AND APPERANCE In my essay I will research on the Military Uniform and Appearance. I will also research on the AR 670-1.This will help me understand and value more the importance of the uniform that I ware and it will be helpful in future reference in my military career. In my essay I will do some comparison from our military appearance and uniforms from other types of jobs that also use uniforms and have different standards that sets us apart from the everydayRead MoreMilitary Uniform and Appearance1066 Words   |  5 PagesIn my essay I will research on the Military Uniform and Appearance. I will also research on the AR 670-1.This will help me understand and value more the importance of the uniform that I ware and it will be helpful in future reference in my military career. In my essay I will do some comparison from our military appearance and uniforms from other types of jobs that also use uniforms and have different standards that sets us apart from the everyday use of a regular uniform. In everyday life weRead MoreUniform and The Military1243 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many militaries throughout the world but the US Military is seen as the most professional and capable military in the world. We are perceived this way due to our rules and regulations that have branched from our fundamental principles and doctrine. Uniformity is one of our leading regulations in the military. Uniformity is what makes the military have a professional image. It is the basis of our instructions and regulations concerning the dress and appearance of our military personnel. RecentlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Maintaining Professional Appearance?1630 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Maintaining Professional Appearance A soldier must maintain a professional appearance because it demonstrates a professional image, pride, and self discipline while maintaining a high standard of living as well as showing their professionalism. For example, when in the military the way a soldier presents themselves says a lot about not only but the military. Keeping a professional appearance includes, a proper haircut, a clean shaven face that is groomed and well trimmed facial hairRead Moremarines1072 Words   |  5 Pagesinform Marines on the Marine corps order for uniforms, appearance, and wear. Upon completion of this brief I am confident that you will have the knowledge and skills to properly wear the approved Marine Corps MCCUU uniform or â€Å"cammies† as commonly known. MCO P1020.34G is the Marine Corps order on uniforms and appearance. Its purpose is to ensure Marines present the best possible image at all times and continue to lead the way in military presence. This brief will focus mainly on the common uniformsRead MoreThe Limits Of Free Speech And Expression Upon Members Of The Military1709 Words   |  7 Pagesexpression upon members of the military are governed today by the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The UCMJ is governed by Congress under the authority of the United States Constitution in Article I, Section 8; stating â€Å"To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States.† Thus giving the Congress special abilities to restrict First Amendment rights to military members as they deem necessaryRead MoreAlways Maintain Good Military Appearance1561 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Appearance In this paper I will discuss the importance of why a NCO or Drill Sergeant should maintain proper military appearance and why it is important. The NCO’s Creed first states that â€Å"no one is more professional than I†, so I am sure that means more than just appearance. It is a statement that includes mannerism, attitude, professionalism etc. It also says that NCOs are the backbone of the Army, which will also tell you that we serve a critical role. Even though I respect theRead MoreEssay on The Proper Wear and Appearance of the Army Pt Uniform1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe proper wear and appearance of the army PT uniform I am writing and essay today the proper wear and appearance of the army physical fitness uniform because I failed to meet the standards and did not have my uniform complete. The army P T uniform consists of the following items: gray army tee shirt, black army running shorts, running shoes, white socks and a reflective belt. On days when the weather is cold you may be authorized to wear your â€Å"high speeds†, which consist of an army physical

Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Essay Example For Students

Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Essay Ivan Denisovich despite its subject matter is in the final instance, a celebration of the human spirit in the face of extreme adversity Discuss Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich portrays literally one day of the life of a Russian prisoner in a concentration camp. Conditions there are harsh and horrendous, no matter in shelter, clothing, or food. However, it is evident that despite all this, the novel is in the long run a celebration of the human spirit, as many virtues are manifested. First and foremost, the prisoners have ingenuity. Shukhov, the protagonist, is a typical example. When building the wall, he often organizes the bricks mentally, visualized the shape of block needed, and divided the wall mentally to where hell lay blocks. In doing so, he acquires his wall building skills, we see this through use of the declarative short sentence Shukhov made no mistakes. In describing frost on the windows, Solzhenitsyn uses a specific measure word, two fingers thick. This shows how the prisoners, though denied access to their own tools, are able to adapt and use their own ways to survive, using fingers instead of a ruler to measure frost. Some prisoners are also diligent and responsible. In the morning, Shukhov never overslept ri veille, and he would often be offering to be of service. These two lines emphasize Shukhovs diligence, responsibility despite harsh conditions he has to endure. Tiurin is shown to be a responsible team leader. He would never make them work for nothing, he would always feed his team for their work. Here, this line reflects Tiurins responsibility towards the team members, especially as this description is from Shukhov, a worker in this teams perspective. Although Captain Buinovsky is new and clumsy at climbing the ramp to deliver cement, every time he came up he worked more briskly as he strives to work faster, showing us how there are definitely some hard-working prisoners. Not just ingenuity and diligence, there are prisoners who maintain their dignity. While many prisoners suffer from hunger and cannot resist the temptation to lick bowls of others, Shukhovs first team leader Kuziomin, warns that those who lick other mens left-overs are the ones the camps finish off. Through this direct quotation, Kuziomin shows how he maintains his dignity by not licking others bowls, and informs others of the importance of dignity, which Shukhov had never forgotten. Dignity is also maintained when prisoners can make a choice in what they want to eat and not to eat, as well as their speeds of eating, since authorities for once do not control their decision. For example, even in the bleak coldness of the camp, Shukhov takes off his hat every time before eating, even with a clean shaven head. This action is symbolic, as it shows Shukhov is able to preserve elements, habits of his old life, and that this represents the polite dignity of a gentleman rather than a beggar settling down to eat. He also makes choices as to not eat fish eyes if they are not in their sockets, to eat very slowly so as to relish his meal.

The Feast of Tabernacles free essay sample

On the final day, part of the ceremony was when a priest would take water from the pool of Siloam and pour it over the altar. Many people believe that this is why Jesus said in John 7:37([3]), â€Å"If any man is thirsty, let him come to Me and drink. † The Feast of Tabernacles also follows the Day of Atonement – the day when the High Priest entered the Holy of Holies with the sin offering. Jesus was referred to as a lamb by John the Baptist, â€Å"the lamb who takes away the sin of the world. † (John 1:29)([4]). His blood sacrifice would be poured on the alter and the temple veil would tear and annual offerings would no longer be needed. Another tradition was the lighting of the Temple lamps. Jesus states, â€Å"I am the light of the world; he that follow me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Feast of Tabernacles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (John 8:12). Morris states, â€Å"the demand for faith shows that it is not a question of physical illumination; Jesus is calling for faith in himself, and his use of â€Å"light† points to the illumination of life that he brings. [5])† [1]Christianity. About. com, http://christianity. about. com/od/biblefeastsandholidays/p/feastofbooths. htm (Accessed April 7, 2013) [2]Elmer Towns, The Gospel of John: Believe and Live (Chattanooga: AMG Publishers, 2002), 76. [3] Holy Bible, John 7:37 (NIV) [4] Holy Bible, John 8:12 (NIV) [5] Leon Morris, Jesus Is the Christ: Studies in the Theology of John (Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 113.

Miles Davis essays

Miles Davis essays Miles Davis is an icon, a true legend of music. He was a masterful trumpet player who "explored the instrument's lower register and tended to play slower, more lyrical lines, often melancholy, rather than the showers of high notes," such as that of Dizzy Gillespie and others (Miles pp). Davis, who released a multitude of recordings during his forty-five year career, offering a bewildering array of different styles, was at the center of almost every movement in modern jazz, from early be-bop, the cool sound, hard bop, orchestral experimentation, the "modal revolution," and fusion (Miles pp). Davis played with most of the key jazz artists from the post- war era, including Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, John Coltrane, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, and Tony Williams (Miles pp). Davis has been called the Picasso of Jazz, for he reinvented himself and his sound endlessly in his musical quest (Cool pp). "He was an artist that defied (and despised) categorization, yet he was the forerunner and innovator of many distinct and important musical movements (Cool pp). Davis, an original, lyrical soloist, and demanding group leader, was the most consistently innovative musician in jazz from the late 1940's through the 1960's (Dewey pp). Probably the one single artist that best represents the turbulent course jazz has taken through the years is Miles Davis (Miles Miles Dewey Davis III grew up in East St. Louis, took up the trumpet at the age of thirteen and two years later was playing professionally with local jazz bands around town (Dewey pp). In September 1944, he moved to New York City, ostensibly to enter the Institute of Musical Art, now the Juilliard School, however, it was actually to locate his idol Charlie Parker (Dewey pp). Davis joined Parker in live performances and recording sessions from 1945-1948, and at the same time played in other groups and toured with big ba...

Agamemnon, the Greek King of the Trojan War

Agamemnon, the Greek King of the Trojan War Agamemnon (pronounced a-ga-mem-non), was the leading king of the Greek forces in the Trojan War. He became king of Mycenae by driving out his uncle, Thyestes, with the help of King Tyndareus of Sparta. Agamemnon was a son of Atreus, the husband of Clytemnestra (a daughter of Tyndareus), and the brother of Menelaus, who was the husband of Helen of Troy (Clytemnestras sister). Agamemnon and the Greek Expedition When Helen was abducted by the Trojan prince Paris, Agamemnon led the Greek expedition to Troy to take back his brothers wife. In order for the Greek fleet to set sail from Aulis, Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess Artemis. Clytemnestra Seeks Revenge When Agamemnon returned from Troy, he wasnt alone. He brought with him another woman as a concubine, the prophetess Cassandra, who was famous for not having her prophecies believed. This was at least a third strike for Agamemnon as far as Clytemnestra was concerned. His first strike had been killing Clytemnestras first husband, the grandson of Tantalus, in order to marry her. His second strike was killing their daughter Iphigenia, and his third strike was flagrant disregard shown for Clytemnestra by parading another woman in her home. No matter that Clytemnestra had another man. Clytemnestra and her lover (Agamemnons cousin), killed Agamemnon. Agamemnons son Orestes took revenge by killing Clytemnestra, his mother. The Furies (or Erinyes) took vengeance on Orestes, but in the end, Orestes was vindicated because Athena judged that killing his mother was less heinous that killing his father.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods - Essay Example The main purpose of these industries is to develop products that could be used in everyday life and produce more and more employment opportunities. The research involves finding potential problems in the present products used and resolving them by upgrading them or using new products. The researchers found the flexibility of a product enables it to be used by more clients. Another important factor probably the most important one is the cost. If the final product is expensive there will be only few takers for it. Therefore research has been done to use cost effective applications. Another important feature developed by the researchers was reverse engineering. In reverse engineering the work is done from final stage to the initial stage. The main purpose of reverse engineering is to extract the code from the final product, working on the final product to the scratch. By using reverse engineering technique one can extract their competitors application and introduce own application in the market accordingly. Qualitative research methods are more often used as it involves observation of data that helps in finding solutions to the problems. Qualitative research has been categorised into three categories named as positivist, interpretive and critical. Positivist research methods

The Methods of Anthropological Demography Assignment

The Methods of Anthropological Demography - Assignment Example On that note, the morning hours were most convenient. This implied that the study was to be performed during the morning session, from around eight o’clock to around one o’clock. The identification of this study period was based on the study patterns exhibited by the population. The students preferred to perform their study during the morning session and take a break by midday as they head for their midday meals. The senior populations also exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. WhoThe observ ation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure.... exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. Who The observation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure there exists a convenient platform for studies. Others will include, the staff who are assigned with the maintenance of the resources in the facility, as well as supplementary services. In a simplified model, these differences can be categorized as being exhibited between the employees and visitors of the facilities. With respect to the dressing code for the visitors, aspects such as a mode of logistic would be utilized to ensure their presence or access to the facility will contribute to their dressing. Those who walked would rarely compare to those who drove to the facility. Subsequently, the nature of the task that they intend to perform at the facility will determine the load that they will carry. This

Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

Civil Engineering Essay Introduction This research aims to identify and highlight the career opportunities awaiting fresh graduates of civil engineering. This research further aims to look at the specific jobs that are available for them, amount of work load, basic salaries and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of particular choice of specialized civil engineering practice such as structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation and geo-technical engineering, among others. Statement of the Problem With the wide variety of specialized practice of civil engineering, newly graduated civil engineers need to be aware of the requirements of each specialization and fully understand the other details of the job. Being fresh from the realms of the academe, these fresh civil engineering graduates need to be guided accordingly as they ready to join the civil engineering workforce. Presenting the result of this study will help them evaluate their specific areas of interest within the bounds of the civil engineering career and will enable them to make an intelligent choice as to what career they really want to pursue. Proposed Solution This study will employ in-depth analysis of the career opportunities and choices available for civil engineering graduates. As such, specialized civil engineering fields will be identified and explained, the likeability that a new graduate will pursue a specific field will be determined and the factors that should be considered in choosing a specific career path. Methods In order to address the research problem, the researcher will employ quantitative and qualitative research method which is designed to complement each other’s findings. Respondents of the research will be practicing civil engineers. Using the qualitative research design, the researcher will conduct a survey to compare factors such as the specialized field where civil engineers usually get for their first job and the basic salary offer for an entry level position. The qualitative research design will include in-depth interviews of practitioners on the specifics of their jobs, the factors that should be considered in choosing a line of practice and other pertinent information about the field based on their experience. Conclusion This research aims to help fresh civil engineering graduates in making a decision of which career path to pursue after college by presenting the choices available for them along with the considerations and factors that might affect their decision. First hand data will be gathered through survey and interview of practicing civil engineers specialized in different fields to get information based on their experience.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu wrote, "You are a very special person - become what you are." These words encourage us, the graduating class of 2012, to recognize the goodness and potential in each and every one of us and to go out and excel in the world. We are a diverse group of different aspirations and backgrounds, bound for different corners of the earth to carve out our won individual niches. Before we leave behind Lee Falls High School and each other, we must ask ourselves how we have become who we are. Most of us have grown up in this town. We have known each other for many years, gone through the school system and interacted with the community. We have been labeled by the press as inhabitants of "Cranktown" and "Methville," but the community has rallied to fight the problem. This same community is the true spirit of where we come from and who we are. It is the same community that sees generations of change and is always willing to stretch its hands out to help those in need and to honor those deserving. We live in a unique community, though we may not realize it, a...

Critical Issues in Policing Essay

Critical Issues in Policing Introduction There are a number of critical issues when concerning policing and this task quite frankly is not an easy one. Police officers have to be mindful of many things that affect how their job must be done. This paper will discuss the dangers of policing and how it affects police officers; less-than-lethal-weapons and the benefits that it has for officers and our community; past, present, and future technology of policing and some of the benefits that they entail; Homeland Security and law enforcements relationship; and Police Deviance. DANGER POLICING There are many dangers concerning the work of a police officer. Officers face various types of dangers and risk. When a person signs up to become an officer of the law, they already know the nature of the job means that they will be putting themselves at risk of different dangers. Possessing the job of protecting others and keeping peace within the community is a risk in itself. Some of these dangers that officers face every day of their lives are health problems like getting the following high blood pressure, insomnia, increased levels of destructive hormones, heart problems, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a big one is suicide and this is from the stress of the job (Zink, 2012). It does not only affect an officer’s physical health but also their mental health and with that is where suicide can come into the picture. Driving is also another danger that an officer faces because they can crash or get hit while on a traffic stop due to other drivers either not paying at tention to what they are doing, not knowing how to drive, or they are under the influence of something; not the officer but the other driver. A big danger is getting hurt on the job in some way or another and even death. Officers face different people every day that can be in bad situations like fighting, on some type of drug, or just plain hate life and the person may not care and want to harm the officer in any way possible. This occurs when a police  officers’ training and weapons can help with the situation. LESS THEN LETHAL WEAPONS It is the police officer’s job to enter volatile and unpredictable situations to apprehend suspects, and keep everyone safe in the process of doing so. Each officer is trained to assess situations and to apply no more force than necessary (CJi Interactive, 2012). There are many different types of force which include: use of authority: voice tone, choice of words, body language, and physical positioning; use of body: pushing, restraining, grabbing or holding, hitting, and choking; use of restraints: cuffing; and deadly force: gun and intentional vehicle collision. One use of force that is used often is less than lethal weapons. Some examples of less than lethal weapons would be a baton, pepper spray, a stun gun or Taser, and nets (CJi Interactive, 2012).Another option is less than lethal ammunition such as rubber bullets, bean bags, and pepper balls. Less than lethal weapons were developed to assist law enforcement with the apprehension of suspects without having to use deadly force. Many of these examples aid the officers in doing their jobs more efficiently and providing a safe environment not only for the suspect, but for any bystanders, and the officer as well. POLICE TECHNOLOGY Technology is changing the way police operate. â€Å"In the past 10 years the rate of technological change is so fast that one could reasonably suggest that the top 10 jobs 10 years from now might not even exist today.† (â€Å"The Future Is Here: Technology In Police Departments†, 2003-2012). Technology is changing how grants requests are formatted and funding is a big issue in policing. The things that police do with technology were not common knowledge 10 years ago. For the officers that have been with the police force for years they may have a hard time adjusting to the new technology but for the younger police officers it makes the job easier. Crime lights, in car camera system, photo enforcement systems, graffiti cameras, thermal imaging, criminal investigations records system, electrical white board, and much more are some of the new things technology is bringing to help police our communities. Crime lights let crime scenes be handled faster than in the years befo re technology became a big thing. Things that  was not able to see before and now available. In car camera system record video footage of procedures containing the public such matters as traffic stops, criminal investigations, and arrests. Photo enforcement systems generate traffic violations like when people speed or run red lights. Graffiti cameras allow pictures to be taken of suspects who vandalize property. Thermal imaging makes it easier to find suspects because it tracks their movements because it is body censored. Criminal investigations records system gathers relevant information to help identify suspects. Electrical white board makes things run faster in meeting instead of using a regular white or chalk board. HOMELAND SECURITY The federal government has declared a war on terrorism that has changed our lives and had a profound effect in ways that affect local police agencies. New aggressive actions by the law enforcement and intelligence communities have been taken because of the threat of terrorism (â€Å"Homeland Security and Law Enforcement†, n.d.). Local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are concerned with terrorist activities. After 9/11 attack, the federal government started to advocate that terrorism activity is best responded through a multi-agency approach, which means with the help of local, state and federal agencies which includes efforts as investigating suspected terrorists and preparing and responding to terrorism acts. The federal government also states that police are the first ones to come in contact with criminal aliens who may be threat to national security and believes that local and state agencies should enforce immigration laws. Adding these activities to local and st ate agencies can be dangerous as it can take officers from their current duties and is costly. A lot of police departments do not want enforce immigration laws and many local authorities are ordering local police officers not to assist federal agents in arresting illegal aliens as they do not want the aliens to see the police as a threat to their legal status (Walker & Katz, p. 517, 2011). Local police officials are worried that by enforcing immigration laws in identifying and deporting illegal immigrants would alienate them from local communities where they are trying to develop positive relations. They are also concerned that illegal immigrants are afraid to report crimes to police due to their legal status. There is also a concern that it jeopardizes trust and  cooperation between illegal immigrants and the police. POLICE DEVIANCE Another additional critical issue in policing is police deviance also known as police corruption. Police deviance occurs when law enforcement officers behave in a manner that is â€Å"inconsistent with the officer’s legal authority, organizational authority, and standards of ethical conduct† (Barker and Carter, 1986, pp. 2–3). This is an intentional violation of rules and regulations, standards, or procedures by police officials of the organization. Police corruption involves criminal activity of a police officer which includes committing crimes like robbery, selling drugs, or doing some type of criminal act that violates or doesn’t enforce the law. As part of the policing issues that take place in the organizations police deviance is relevant because these types of misconducts take place with police officials and are part of the community. It relates to danger in policing because a lot of the time the deviance and corruption is done outside of the organiz ation while on duty in the streets. This causes issues amongst the community and the police when its sexual harassment, excessive use of force, use of restricted weapons, and discrimination. Police officials usually stick with each other when it comes to these types of misconducts taking place especially since officers adopted the code of silence, where any officer refused to testify against another officer in their ranks. CONCLUSION In policing it is fair to say that there are issues that are easier addressed then others and that it will take time and effort. It is critical that the police stay focused and continue to do everything in their power possible to be effective on a day-to-day basis Reference CJi Interactive. (2012). The Police: Issues and Challenges. Retrieved from http://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/pcp_94869_mutchnick_cj_uop/learning_modules/chapter7/7.2typesofforce/index.html Homeland Security and Law Enforcement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://what-when-how.com/police-science/​homeland-security-and Police dangers.html. (n.d.). Retrieved from police officers pages:

Beowulf Heroism Essay

The Mercurial Definition of Heroism Throughout history, heroes have been defined as individuals who have sacrificed themselves for the betterment of others. However, every culture always has had its own definition of heroism that separated one great hero from another. During the Anglo Saxon period, people admired Beowulf for his invulnerability, self-confidence, and god-like strength. On the other hand, people in the current era praised Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King, Jr, for their humility and achievements as pacifists.These heroes reflect principles and standards that people held and show that definition of heroism is highly elastic in different ages. In the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, the main character Beowulf demonstrates the morals and values of the Anglo Saxon times by unleashing his mighty strength. In current perspective, Beowulf may just seem as a cruel murderer because he completely destroys Grendel by using his bare hands. For example, Beowulf only allowed Grendel to esca pe when the monster â€Å"twisted in pain† and his â€Å"muscle and bone split. However, Anglo Saxon literature states such an atrocious act of brutality as a â€Å"new glory† that Beowulf had granted. Readers could speculate from the clash between Beowulf and Grendel that the Anglo Saxons admired Beowulf’s merciless destruction of his enemies. The Anglo Saxons’ notion of heroism clearly deviates from the current heroic ethics because current heroes like Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King Jr. never used physical strength to stand against their enemies.During the late nineteenth century, Korean farmers grew discontent toward Japan’s economic oppression that set the price floor for daily products such as potatoes, rice, and lettuce. Japanese government benefited from this oppression because they were able to purchase cheap surplus goods that less affluent citizens were not able to consume due to the high cost set by the price floor. As a result, the K orean farmer alliance named Chamwha planned an assault on Japanese troop in front of the Ghangwha-Moon Gate.However, on the verge of battle, the monk Tae Su Go insisted that farmers, in front of Japanese’s troops, to never utilize violence but rather allow Japanese troops to fulfill their greed because the great god Asura will judge them in hell. Even though Tae Su Go was immediately murdered by the Japanese troops for disgracing their integrities, Chamwha praised Tae Su as a brave hero and utilized passive resistance in his will.Tae Su, the real hero of Chosun Dynasty in Korea, truly embraced the current era’s morals and values because he fought only with his words in peace. Moreover, Martin Luther King Jr. , who fought for African American civil rights during the mid-twentieth century, also maintained peace while courageously confronting opposition from the society. For example, even when Ku Klux Klan assaulted Dr. King’s house in 1957, King insisted that his outraged companions to resolve issues in a peaceful manner. The Education Forum) Although King was assassinated in 1968 from a gunshot, current people still regard him as a timeless hero who has fought for equality and human rights. However, in similar fashion to how contemporary people would call Beowulf a prideful warrior, Anglo Saxons might view Dr. King as a vulnerable mortal who has died without honors because each era has its own definition of heroism. Beowulf, Tae Su Go, and Martin Luther King Jr, were distinct heroes from the Anglo Saxon and current eras who fought against their enemies for righteous reasons.They all demonstrated each period’s morals and values through their epic deeds and self-sacrifice. However, Beowulf used his physical strength to accomplish his goal whereas Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King Jr. refused to utilize violence to achieve equality. As evident from these heroes, the definition of heroism has changed over time. Some heroic qualities might become obsolete and new qualities might emerge, manifesting each era’s unique morals and values.

Lorita Utagba Essays (1369 words) - Guggenheim Fellows, Free Essays

Lorita Utagba Essays (1369 words) - Guggenheim Fellows, Free Essays Lorita Utagba English 1100 Writing project 4 rough draft December 3 , 2016 . Fierce Attachment Do I have your attention yet? As a youth, I have always wanted to do want I want in life, I never want to be controlled by my mother that is why I have been having difficulty relationship with my mother. Vivian Gornick is an American critic, journalist with a dazzling skill. She is among the wonderful writers who write about her life. A lot of people are interested in Vivian Gornick because she writes about experiences in life. Vivian Gornick story have made me realize that there is no child that doesn't have misunderstanding with his/her parents. Her story reminds me of how I have been on and off with my mother because we had difficult relationship. Vivian Gornick was born 14 June 1935 in the Bronx, New York is an American critic, journalist, essayist, and memoirist. She was a reporter for the village voice from 1969 to 1977. Her work has also appeared in the New York times , the Nation, the Atlantic monthly, and many other publications. She has published eleven books. Vivian Gornick has written about herself in marriage , friendship as a daughter. As a woman living alone in New York. She has always had difficulty with writing. She describes her struggles and her families in love and work with such calm candor (truthfulness). There is nothing about her she is afraid to see. Vivian Gornick memoirs include fierce attachment (1987 ). Fierce attachment is about her childhood in the Bronx and lifelong antagonism with her mother. Vivian Gornick self-narrative is a form of cultural criticism. Gornick use her own experience and her willingness to write life experiences to tell a larger social story has become the hallmark of her writing. While she acknowledges her Jewish background in much of her work. What led Vivian Gornick into writing was how she saw the relations between men and women were changing fast, so she registered those changes around her and wrote it in her own reading for people to read and understand what are articles is all about, Vivian Gornick was the finalist for the National book critics circle awards. Vivian Gornick writes in the odd woman and the city, a non-fiction hybrid that is part memoir, part cultural criticism. Gornick's New York city , where she lives and writes and belongs. Her articles " fierce attachment " which is parts of her books. Vivian Gornick tells the story of her lifelong battle with her mother for independence. Vivian Gornick was born and raised in the Bronx, the daughter of "urban peasants" Gornick grows up in a household dominated by her intelligent but her mother's romantic depression over the early death of her husband. There was a lady who lives next door, she was an attractive widow whose calculating sensuality appeals greatly to Vivian. Gornick walks with her aged mother through the streets of New York, arguing and remembering the past each wins the reader's admiration. Fierce attachment is one of the most remarkable documents of family feeling that has been written, a classic that helped start the memoir boom and remains one of the most moving examples of the genre. Vivian Gornick relationship with her mother is difficult. At the age of forty-five she regularly meets her mother for strolls along the streets of Manhattan. Her mother knew her daughter hates her because she believes Gornick has been tracking her lifelong struggle for independence. Vivian Gornick has taught creative writing for decades and the repository of her experience. Vivian Gornick story always essentially reflect to her personal experience. She always analyzes the writer's lives and sees their essays as much as possible. Vivian Gornick essay fierce attachment is considered a classic. When it was published in 1987. The New York time called fierce attachment a "fine and unflinchingly honest book". Gornick subsequently published a well-regarded guide to writing personal narratives. In my own opinion, in this book, Gornick narrates the series of walks she takes through the streets of New York with her eighty-year-old mother. Doing so allows her to reflect upon and detail her past. At that time, she

Battle of Short Hills in the American Revolution

Battle of Short Hills in the American Revolution Battle of Short Hills - Conflict Date: The Battle of Short Hills was fought June 26, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783).   Ã‚   Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonMajor General William Alexander, Lord Stirlingapprox. 2,500 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisMajor General John Vaughanapprox. 11,000 men Battle of Short Hills - Background: Having been expelled from Boston in March 1776, General Sir William Howe descended on New York City that summer.   Defeating General George Washingtons forces at Long Island in late August, he then landed on Manhattan where he suffered a setback at Harlem Heights in September.   Recovering, Howe succeeded in driving American forces from the area after winning victories at White Plains and Fort Washington.   Retreating across New Jersey, Washingtons beaten army crossed the Delaware into Pennsylvania before halting to regroup.   Recovering late in the year, the Americans struck back on December 26 with a triumph at Trenton before achieving a second victory a short time later at Princeton. With winter setting in, Washington moved his army to Morristown, NJ and entered winter quarters.   Howe did the same and the British established themselves around New Brunswick.   As the winter months progressed, Howe commenced planning for a campaign against the American capital at Philadelphia while American and British troops routinely skirmished in the territory between the encampments.   In late March, Washington ordered Major General Benjamin Lincoln to take 500 men south to Bound Brook with the goal of collecting intelligence and protecting farmers in the area.   On April 13, Lincoln was attacked by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis and forced to retreat.   In an effort to better assess British intentions, Washington moved his army to a new encampment at Middlebrook. Battle of Short Hills - Howes Plan: A strong position, the encampment was situated on the south slopes of the first ridge of the Watchung Mountains.   From the heights, the Washington could observe British movements on the plains below which stretched back to Staten Island.   Unwilling to assault the Americans while they held the high ground, Howe sought to lure them down to the plains below.   On June 14, he marched his army Somerset Courthouse (Millstone) on the Millstone River.   Only eight miles from Middlebrook he hoped to entice Washington to attack.   As the Americans showed no inclination to strike, Howe withdrew after five days and moved back to New Brunswick.   Once there, he elected to evacuate the town and shifted his command to Perth Amboy. Believing the British to be abandoning New Jersey in preparation for moving against Philadelphia by sea, Washington ordered Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling to march towards Perth Amboy with 2,500 men while the rest of the army descended the heights to a new position near Samptown (South Plainfield) and Quibbletown (Piscataway).   Washington hoped that Stirling could harass the British rear while also covering the armys left flank.   Advancing, Stirlings command assumed a line in the vicinity of Short Hills and Ash Swamp (Plainfield and Scotch Plains).   Alerted to these movements by an American deserter, Howe reversed his march late on June 25.   Moving quickly with around 11,000 men, he sought to crush Stirling and prevent Washington from regaining a position in the mountains. Battle of Short Hills - Howe Strikes: For the attack, Howe directed two columns, one led by Cornwallis and the other by Major General John Vaughan, to move through Woodbridge and Bonhampton respectively.   Cornwallis right wing was detected around 6:00 AM on June 26 and clashed with a detachment of 150 riflemen from Colonel Daniel Morgans Provisional Rifle Corps.   Fighting ensued near Strawberry Hill where Captain Patrick Fergusons men, armed with new breech-loading rifles, were able to force the Americans to withdraw up Oak Tree Road.   Alerted to the threat, Stirling ordered reinforcements led by  Brigadier General Thomas Conway forward.   Hearing the firing from these first encounters, Washington ordered the bulk of the army to move back to Middlebrook while relying on Stirlings men to slow the British advance. Battle of Short Hills - Fighting for Time: Around 8:30 AM, Conways men engaged the enemy near the intersection of Oak Tree and Plainfield Roads.   Though offering tenacious resistance that included hand-to-hand fighting, Conways troops were driven back.   As the Americans retreated approximately a mile toward the Short Hills, Cornwallis pushed on and united with Vaughan and Howe at Oak Tree Junction.   To the north, Stirling formed a defensive line near Ash Swamp.   Backed by artillery, his 1,798 men resisted the British advance for around two hours allowing Washington time to regain the heights.   Fighting swirled around the American guns and three were lost to the enemy.   As the battle raged, Stirlings horse was killed and his men were driven back to a line in Ash Swamp. Badly outnumbered, the Americans were ultimately forced to retreat towards Westfield.   Moving quickly to avoid the British pursuit, Stirling led his troops back to the mountains to rejoin Washington.   Halting in Westfield due to the heat of the day, the British looted the town and desecrated the Westfield Meeting House.   Later in the day Howe reconnoitered Washingtons lines and concluded that they were too strong to attack.   After spending the night in Westfield, he moved his army back to Perth Amboy and by June 30 had fully departed New Jersey. Battle of Short Hills - Aftermath: In the fighting at the Battle of Short Hills the British admitted to 5 killed and 30 wounded.   American losses are not known with accuracy but British claims numbered 100 killed and wounded as well as around 70 captured.   Though a tactical defeat for the Continental Army, the Battle of Short Hills proved a successful delaying action in that Stirlings resistance allowed Washington to shift his forces back to the protection of Middlebrook.   As such, it prevented Howe from executing his plan to cut the Americans off from the mountains and defeat them in open ground.   Departing New Jersey, Howe opened his campaign against Philadelphia late that summer.   The two armies would clash at Brandywine on September 11 with Howe winning the day and capturing Philadelphia a short time later.   A subsequent American attack at Germantown failed and Washington moved his army into winter quarters at Valley Forge on December 19. Selected Sources The Battle of the Short HillsRevolutionary War New Jersey - Short HillsBattle of Short Hills Historic Trail

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Assignment Example Following the theory, Walmart Company is fully unethical. It was because of the win lose situation they created. The company becomes the winners and customers were the losers. The health of the consumers got placed at risk due to the company selling food that could make the consumers sick (Spotts 76). It demonstrated that the company did not respect the consumers or care for their welfare. The company did not make the efforts of ensuring the happiness of consumers. They only cared for their own happiness. The company also made themselves unhappy due to cheating on their customers and taking their money. The theory developed by kant also indicates that the company is unethical in a more different ration. The customers lacked a chance of making any decision. There was no information issued to them on the products they were buying as the company held the information. They also gave them false information so that they can have their money. The denial of information hindered the customers from making their own decisions on the product. The most likely decision they would have made is not to consume their products. It was due to the health hazards associated with the meat. The theory of kant also indicates that the company should not consider themselves above the law and also rules. They fully understood the illegal actions they had associated themselves with and were not willing to accept the consequences. The interpretation of the word courage can get done in several ways. The Walmart company did not have to cater or even compensate to the customers they cheated which they did not. The courage to offer an apology or even compensation was not a step towards the right direction (Spotts 26). The company possessed unreasonable desires, therefore, they lied to their customers in the efforts of obtaining happiness and also profit. On the case justice, it was also not present. The company did have fair practices

Research Design and Research Logistics Assignment

Research Design and Research Logistics - Assignment Example And within the time and resource constraints for study, maximizing objectives from conflicting desiderata articulated by McGrath seems to be in perfect connivance. And, whether the set of choices made by Eveland was a best strategy is an interesting facet. In the words of Eveland (1988), "we hoped this experiment would illuminate, although, not all of them have been answered" (p. 375). This reaffirms the notion propagated by McGrath, that "the set of choices is systemically circular; it starts with a problem, and gets back to the problem." The cycle of empirical research stands vindicated (Runkel and McGrath, 1972). Eveland's approach in the study under reference seems to follow the methodical strategy, which are generic classes of research settings for gaining knowledge about a research problem. In this context, the problem being, "the impact of computer-supported systems on the work group structures." The research method adopted herein maps into slices I (field experiments and field study, with sample surveys) of the strategy circumplex (Runkel and McGrath, 1972). The point of maximum concern is on the system context and generalizability over the actors. In terms of maximizing generalizability context, Eveland's study used a relatively small sample and inclusion of younger employees was perhaps desirable. In terms of Cronbach (1957) classification of designs, Eveland followed both the comparison and correlation techniques. The study compared the performance between conventional and computer supported work groups; and so also, analysis of variance analysis as in trend analysis of member contact within work group over the study period. The power point slides on research methods ("Research Methods in I/O Psychology", 2008) concisely enumerates the research process, which has also been adopted by Eveland, viz.: ask questions; generate hypothesis; design a study; collect data; data analysis; and interpret-present results. Since the Eveland study used random assignment techniques to select group members, in the terminology of Trochim (2007) the approach could be classified as 'randomized experiment' which helps in deducing casual relationships. 2. After listing and distinguishing a variety of research designs, explain the advantages and limitations of each; why did Dr. Eveland choose the research design he chose Research design provides a formal structure to a research study. A three-fold classification is often used to define a research design: randomized or true experimen

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Combating Compassion Fatigue - Essay Example Cognitive symptoms entail apathy, disorientation, preoccupation with trauma, minimization, rigidity, and lowered concentration. Emotional symptoms include anxiety, anger, fear, sadness, depleted, blunted, enhanced affect, shock, depression, helplessness, numbness, guilt, and powerlessness (Portnoy, 2011). The individual may experience troubling dreams similar to those of the patient. The individual may also experience sudden and involuntary recall of a frightening situation while working with the family or the patient. Concerning behavioral symptoms, the individual may be withdrawn, have poor sleep, a change in appetite, isolated, and hyper-vigilance, have nightmares, moody, and irritable. Spiritual symptoms include pervasive hopelessness, questioning of one’s religious beliefs, skepticism, loss of faith, loss of purpose, and questioning of the meaning of life. Somatic symptoms entail rapid heartbeat, pains and aches, impaired immune system, difficulty staying or falling aslee p, headaches, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, and sweating (Portnoy, 2011). The Nature of the Problems and Their Causes Portnoy (2011) states that compassion fatigue is caused by empathy. Compassion fatigue is a form of burnout that appears unexpectedly and with little or no warning. The condition is generally persistent than burnout. It is the natural outcome of stress; it results from helping and caring for the suffering or traumatized individuals. It entails a preoccupation with the individual or with the individual’s trauma and it does not need to be at the stressful occasion. The condition can result from just being exposed to an individual’s painful narrative. It is further described as the â€Å"convergence of primary stress, secondary traumatic stress, and cumulative stress in the lives of helping professionals and other care providers† (Portnoy, 2011, p48). On the other hand, burnout is described as a type of mental distress that is manifested in no rmal individuals who have never suffered from prior psychopathology. The individuals experience decreased performance at work because of the negative behaviors and attitudes. The main dimensions of burnout include emotional exhaustion, feeling of cynicism and depersonalization, lack of personal accomplishment, and sense of ineffectiveness. Emotional exhaustion is the basic individual stress indicator of burnout and it refers to the feeling of being depleted and overextended of one’s physical and emotional resources. The exhaustion causes the individual to distance himself cognitively and emotionally from work and it is a means devised by the individual to cope with the work overload (Coyle and Ferrell, 2010). Depersonalization (detachment from job) and feeling of cynicism is the burnout interpersonal context dimension and it refers to the excessively detached response and negative callous to various features of the job. Lack of personal accomplishment and sense of ineffective ness is the self-evaluation burnout dimension and it indicates the lack of productivity and achievement at work and feeling of being incompetent. Lack of personal accomplishment emerges from the lack of resources to complete the work; for instance, the lack of necessary tools, lack of crucial information or even insufficient time (Coyle and Ferrell, 2010). The Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Needs Of the Caregiver When caring for patients in palliative care, the

Measuring Levels of Patient Dependency

Measuring Levels of Patient Dependency Title: Should patient dependency be used to set nurse-staffing levels in general hospital wards? Introduction: In this section, we perform a literature review to discuss patient dependency in clinical settings, and examine how we can measure patient dependency levels. We also discuss whether patient dependency levels should and could form the criteria for setting nurse-staffing levels in the hospital. We will also analyze the other different methods and criteria that can help to determine nurse staffing levels within the clinical setting. Patient dependency levels indicates the requirements of nurses and the extent to which patients will need nurses for their continuous care. Nurse patient ratios are often used to discuss the nurse staffing levels and these figures indicate whether staffing levels have to be increased or decreased. We would aim our discussion of patient dependency necessitating increase in staffing levels and the patient nurse ratio as indicators of nurse staffing both within general hospital wards and at critical care and emergency units. Evidential Information Patient dependency may just form an important part of nursing staff and workload of an individual nurse. Hurst (2005) conducted an important study on the nature and value of dependency acuity quality (DAQ) demand side nursing workforce-planning methods, which are set in the context of nursing workforce planning and development. Extensive DAQ data was obtained from UK nursing workforce in 347 wards, which involved 64 high quality, and 62 low quality hospital wards. The study gives special consideration to workload and quality contexts. New insights have been generated with this study and Hurst emphasizes that poor quality care is more common in larger wards that have fluctuating and unstable workload and nurse – patient ratio. Smaller workloads having consistent and high workload of nursing staff results in inflexible nurse staffing so staff levels and performed duties remain the same. Studies definitely suggest that nursing activity and staffing differences do form an importan t part of defining and contributing to the quality of the wards with higher staffing levels and more consistent work for nurses at high quality wards and lower staffing levels and irregular services with low nurse-patient ratio in low quality wards. From this evidence, it is possible to provide recommendations for nursing management and practice and probe into more accurate relations of dependency acuity quality in DAQ measures. In a study using assessment of patient nurse dependency systems for determining nurse-patient ratio in the ICU and HDU, Adomat et al (2004) point out that a huge range of patient classification systems or tools are used in critical care units to inform workforce planning, and nursing workload although the application of these methods may not always be relevant, complete or appropriate. The systems or tools used for patient classification and categorization were developed solely for the purpose of more efficient distribution of patient across hospital sections, although now the same systems are used for workforce planning, distribution of workload, determining nurse-patient ratio in critical care settings. However these changes can raise a number of issues related to workforce planning, staffing levels and nursing management in general. Adomat and Hewison evaluate the three main assessment systems used in critical care units to effectively determine the necessary nurse-patient ratio t hat can provide the best quality service in the wards. The application of these tools is to enhance the quality of care by keeping nurse-patient ratio at its optimum. The authors suggest that decisions relating to workload planning and determining the nurse patient ratio are dependent on an understanding of the origins and purpose of the classificatory tools that categorizes patients and measures their dependency on care services. Patient dependency and classification systems as well as patient dependency scoring systems for severity of illness are measures indicating mortality and morbidity although Adomat points out that these dependency measure may not be real indicators or determinants of the nurse-patient ratio that help in measuring nursing input. The costs of providing a nursing service within critical care uses nursing intensity measures to give a framework for nursing management and patient care and also determines the exact role of patient dependency in nurse staffing leve ls. However, components of the nursing role and how it determines standards of care have not been fully determined (Adomat and Hewison, 2004). They point out that careful consideration of patient dependency and classification systems may be necessary to plan, organize and provide a cost effective critical care service. In a similar study, Adomat and Hicks (2003) evaluates the nursing workload in intensive care a there is a growing shortage of nurses in these care units. The problem identified in this shortage lies in the method for calculating the nurse/patient ratio using the Nurse Workload Patient Category scoring and classificatory system use in most intensive care units. The nurse-patient ratio is determined by using the patient category or dependency scales and the general assumption is that the more critically ill a patient is, the more care and nursing time will be required for the patient. Many critically ill patients placed on a high level of mechanical care such as a feeding or ventilator tube and in intensive units may however require less direct personal nursing care than patients who are self ventilating or have been considered to have lower levels of dependence. Thus patient dependence may be addressed by means other than direct nursing care and artificial care and support systems may b used instead of nursing staff. These and other factors show that patent dependency may not be a completely relevant measure for determining nurse –patient ratio or nurse staffing levels and many associate factors have to be considered. This study by Adomat and Hicks use a video recorder to document nurse activity in 48 continuous shifts within two intensive care units and helped to determine the accuracy of the Nursing Workload Patient Category scoring system to measure nurse workload. The data obtained from the video of nurse activity was then correlated with the Patient category scale score that was allocated to the patient by the nurse in charge. The results of this study showed that the nursing skills required in these care units were of low skill type despite the needs of care being complex in general. It was found that nurses spent less time with patients who were categorized as in need of intensive care than those in need and in high dependency range in all units. T he findings indicate that existing nurse patient ratio classifications are inappropriate as nurses spend less and less time with critically ill patients. The authors expose the flaws of classification or scaling systems that tend to correlate care with critical illness. They suggest that radical reconsideration of nursing levels and skills mix should make it possible to increase provisions and levels of intensive care providing the right numbers of staff at the appropriate units where patients need them most suggesting more flexible and alternative approaches to the use of nurse-patient ratios. In a similar study discussing relationship between workload, skill mix and staff supervision, Tibby et al (2004) proposes a systems approach and suggests that hospital adverse events or AE are more likely when sub-optimal working conditions occur. Proper working conditions are thus absolutely necessary to ensure the smooth working of the clinical setting. Tibby and colleagues analyzed the adverse events in a pediatric intensive care unit using a systems approach and observational study to investigate the association between the occurrence of these adverse events and latent risk factors including temporal workload, supervision issues, skills mix, nurse staffing and the interactions between established clinically related risk factors (Tibby et a, 2004). The data was collected form 730 nursing shifts and the analysis was done with logistic regression modeling. The rate of adverse events was 6 for every hundred patient days and the factors associated with increased AE including day shift , patient dependency, number of occupied beds, and simultaneous management related issues although these were considerably decreased with enhanced supervisory ability of the nurses. Decreased number of adverse events have been found to be related to the presence of a senior nurse in charge, high proportion of shifts handled by rostered, trained, permanent staff and the presence of junior doctors. Patient workload factors such as bed occupancy and the extent to which the patient needs help and nursing supervisory levels and level of staffing such as presence of a senior nurse have been found to be associated. This study sheds light on the factors increasing or decreasing adverse events and helps in identifying the issues closely related to the need of regulating and optimizing nurse staffing levels. As we have already suggested through a study by Adomat and Hicks, patients in high dependency units may require more frequent nursing care and higher nurse-patient ratios than critical care units where patients may be supported by artificial methods. According to a study by Garfield et al (2000) high dependency units are increasing in the hospitals and becoming more important as part of a hospital’s facilities. Although the optimum staffing ratio for patients is unknown for such units, the Department of Health and Intensive Care Society recommend a level of one nurse for every two patients. Garfield et al recorded Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System scores and Nurse Dependency Scores in high dependency units over 7 months. The results indicated a weak correlation between nurse dependency score and therapeutic intervention scoring system score. The authors argue that a nurse-patient ratio of 1:2 may be insufficient for the management of a high dependency unit and based on t heir findings recommends a nurse to patient ratio of 2:3. Balogh (1992) points out that the literature on audits of nursing care shows a strong relation between the quality of nursing care provided and nursing labour force and staffing issues. Balogh suggests that all assumptions for setting nurse staffing levels on the basis of variations in patient dependency are unscientific and there are moreover no opportunities to use personal judgment in decision-making within hospitals to determine nurse-patient ratios. Balogh points out that such methods for determining staffing levels as well as audit instruments are outdated and insufficient to optimize service levels. The paper highlights the need for greater flexibility, more decision making power, and a more significant role of nurses’ personal judgment in selection and management of appropriate nurse staffing levels in dependency and critical care units. Conclusion: In this review of literature on the exact role of patient dependency in determining nurse staffing levels, we began by suggesting that it is generally believed that the more critical condition a patient is in, the higher the requirements of direct care suggesting that nurse patient ratio should be high in critical care units. This assumption however has been refuted by studies which shows that such clear criteria may not be sufficient for nurse management and staffing level decisions and other factors have to be considered. These include artificial means of life support and other mechanical devices that minimizes the need for manual staffing and reduces a critical patient’s nursing needs. A related study suggested that high dependency units rather than critical care units should be provided with higher levels of staffing although many other factors such as supervisory levels of senior nurses, skills available and already established method of determining nurse patient ratios s eem to be crucial factors. Along with the approach taken by several authors we can also suggest that personal judgment of nurses on the care needed by patients rather than inflexible scaling or scoring systems should be used by hospitals to determine staffing levels, considering patient dependency levels as well. Bibliography Adomat R, Hicks C. Measuring nursing workload in intensive care: an observational study using closed circuit video cameras. J Adv Nurs. 2003 May;42(4):402-12. Adomat R, Hewison A. Assessing patient category/dependence systems for determining the nurse/patient ratio in ICU and HDU: a review of approaches. J Nurs Manag. 2004 Sep;12(5):299-308. Ruth Balogh Audits of nursing care in Britain: A review and a critique of approaches to validating them International Journal of Nursing Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, May 1992, Pages 119-133 The importance of data in verifying nurse staffing requirements Intensive Care Nursing, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1988, Pages 21-23 Lynne Callaway and Edward Major Curtis C. A system of measurement of patient dependency and nurse utilization. Aust Nurses J. 1977 Apr;6(10):36-8, 42. Donoghue J, Decker V, Mitten-Lewis S, Blay N. Critical care dependency tool: monitoring the changes. Aust Crit Care. 2001 May;14(2):56-63. Garfield M, Jeffrey R, Ridley S. An assessment of the staffing level required for a high-dependency unit. Anaesthesia. 2000 Feb;55(2):137-43. Hurst K. Relationships between patient dependency, nursing workload and quality. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005 Jan;42(1):75-84. Hearn CR, Hearn CJ. A study of patient dependency and nurse staffing in nursing homes for the elderly in three Australian states. Community Health Stud. 1986;10(3 Suppl):20s-34s. Miller A. Nurse/patient dependencyis it iatrogenic? J Adv Nurs. 1985 Jan;10(1):63-9. OBrien GJ. The intuitive method of patient dependency. Nurs Times. 1986 Jun 4-10;82(23):57-61. Prescott PA, Ryan JW, Soeken KL, Castorr AH, Thompson KO, Phillips CY. The Patient Intensity for Nursing Index: a validity assessment. Res Nurs Health. 1991 Jun;14(3):213-21. Seelye A. Hospital ward layout and nurse staffing. J Adv Nurs. 1982 May;7(3):195-201. Tibby SM, Correa-West J, Durward A, Ferguson L, Murdoch IA. Adverse events in a paediatric intensive care unit: relationship to workload, skill mix and staff supervision. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Jun;30(6):1160-6. Epub 2004 Apr 6. Williams A. Dependency scoring in palliative care. Nurs Stand. 1995 Oct 25-31;10(5):27-30. For scoring systems Depatment of health – www.dh.gov.uk Department of Health (2000) Comprehensive Critical Care; a review of adult critical care services. London. The stationary office. Its also available from the Department of health website.

A Comparison of Vengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein Essa

Vengeance in Electra, The Bacchae and Frankenstein      Ã‚   In today's world, vengeance is still in existence, bubbling below our calm facade, waiting for the catalyst it needs to break loose. Evidence can be seen right now in the reactions of the American people towards Bin Laden. He destroyed so many lives, and now, there is probably not one American that would not love to get their minute alone with him. The American people want to hurt him the way he and his followers hurt their fellow Americans, their family. This hunger for vengeance is completely Dionysian and is found in more than one written work.    Electra is saturated with the Dionysian quest for vengeance that prevails also in The Bacchae. It is found again in Frankenstein, a work bubbling over with vengeful deaths. This Dionysian pursuit for vengeance is carried out on family offenders, whether they are of the family in question or not. Dionysus, a member of Cadmus' family, causes the death of his cousin Pentheus. Pentheus commits a deadly mistake when he denies Dionysus as a god and attempts to capture him, thus invoking the wrath of Dionysus. This is the same type of vengeance found in Electra's family. In Electra's family, if one commits a family offense, an unending cycle of the Dionysian principle of vengeance ensues: vengeance takes precedent over family ties, thus forsaking them. With Victor Frankenstein and his monster, the principle is also at work, though it exists for each of them in response to the other.    This principle is born into Electra's family long before her own tragedies transpire. It begins with the sons of Pelops and all of the adultery and murder a la mode that occur in that branch of Electra's family history. However, this... ...al, is to strike out at those who seek or have harmed us, and to destroy them in any means possible. Rest assured that if any Americans are involved in the Bin Laden affair, that the thirst for vengeance on them will be overpowering. The Dionysian principle of vengeance is still very much alive, lurking below the surface, waiting for the justification it needs to break free.    Works Cited C.K. Williams,The Bacchae Of Euripides (New Version)New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 Sophocles Electra New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1994 "Bush Speaks From Oval Office" http://multimedia.belointeractive.com/attack/news/text0911.html "Bin Laden Has Nowhere To Run - Nowhere To Hide", madblast.com The House of Atreus http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa110497.htm

Compare and contrast the ways in which Thomas Hardy Essay

Hardy presents Troy’s seduction through his use of form, structure and language in order to present the bewitching nature of her courtship with Troy. I have taken a particular scene from the novel, in order to illustrate the point presented above. This scene takes place soon after Troy, a soldier, has met with Bathsheba Everdene, a stern young woman who has inherited her uncle’s farm, is to observe Troy’s sword practices. She is certain that she will not attend but not long before their meeting, Bathsheba relents and goes to see him. She is enthralled and frightened by his practises, as he comes very close to harming her with his sword. In the closing parts of the scene Troy kisses Bathsheba, and leaves her feeling quite ashamed. Hardy’s narration in this particular scene is very much focused on Bathsheba. The reader is only able to observe the movements of Troy and his speech. As a result, the reader is able to grasp Bathsheba’s enchantment whiles watching Troy. The sword practice does, in fact, enchant Bathsheba. She believes that the sword has â€Å"passed through her body,† by some sort of â€Å"magic. † She describes the swords gleaming reflection of sunlight, as if the sword itself is â€Å"greeting† her. She is enthralled by all the different types of light that it produces. The sword takes on a wand like appeal, as if Troy is casting a spell on Bathsheba and drawing her closer towards his designs upon her. His sword show evokes fear and wonderment from her, and these feelings soon lead her to fall for Troy. A sense of enchantment is also created in the courtship between Edward Sydney and Julia Wellsey, in Bronte’s â€Å"The Foundling. † On approaching Julia’s home, Sydney hears her singing in an â€Å"angelic† and â€Å"harmonious† fashion. In her song she professes her love for Sydney, and he is driven to her feet in a bout of passion after he discovers the Julia is the singer. Both Lady Julia and Troy put on a show for their objects of love. Troy’s sword show and Julia’s singing both create a sensory appeal towards their lover. However Julia’s angelic song is far more peaceful but still as attractive to Sydney, as Troy’s dangerous but beautiful sword show is to Bathsheba. On leaving Troy, Bathsheba’s feelings are engaged even more so than before. As Troy leaves, he kisses her on the mouth and this leaves Bathsheba feeling shameful. After he has kissed her, Hardy describes how â€Å"blood† is â€Å"brought beating into her face,† and it sets her â€Å"stinging as if aflame. † His description portrays Bathsheba’s passion. The active movement of the blood; the dynamic nature of his description, injects energy and passion into Bathsheba’s manner. She is described as being aflame; a common allegory for passion. Likewise in Edith Wharton’s â€Å"The Age of Innocence,† Wharton describes a â€Å"burning flush† of blood rising up Olenska’s neck. The two women- Olenska and Bathsheba- both appear stern and self-confident in their rejection of their suitors; however, they are still susceptible to passion and desire. They possess that same physical and carnal passion men have in many works of literature. In Phillip Sydney’s â€Å"The Old Arcadia,† Sydney describes Musidorus’ love for Pamela as a physical tremor in his body and likewise in D.H Lawrence’s â€Å"Lady Chaterley’s Lover,† Mellor’s feels a burning in the back of his loins, when he is approached by lady Chaterley. Their two characters can therefore represent a change in societies’ opinion of woman that came in the late Victorian period: women also have desires and through this they are made equal to men in the novels; ideals that the suffragettes upheld very much. The physical apprehension in Bathsheba’s character is also seen prior to her meeting with Troy. She changes her mind, quickly, and seeks out Troy. When reaching the pit that Troy is found, Hardy describes the way her â€Å"eyes shone and her breath went quickly. † Her physical state heightened to a tremor and her desire to meet Troy is described as temerity, therefore, the reader receives a great deal of information concerning Bathsheba’s initial desire to see Troy. The dynamic description of her physical being creates a sense of apprehension, this could not only be discerned as desire, but it may relate to a fear of what Troy plans to undertake with her, or a need to satisfy a social expectation to meet with the needs of the promise she made with him. Her anticipation for their meeting creates tension. Similarly in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein,† her description of Frankenstein’s monster’s apprehension, that causes the scene in which he approaches De lacey to befriend him, to be made significant. These two scenes are very much significant in each of the two narratives. In Hardy’s â€Å"Far From The Madding Crowd,† this event marks the beginning of Bathsheba’s loss of reason, upon falling in love with Troy. In â€Å"Frankenstein† this event marks the uprising of the monster’s aggressive revenge against humanity, as De Lacey and his family shun him. On falling in love with Troy, Bathsheba is not only susceptible to her loss of reason but she is also vulnerable to scandal. Her decent into irrationality and scandal, is presented through Hardy’s use of setting. Initially Bathsheba is in an open space; a field that Hardy describes as having â€Å"radiant† â€Å"hues,† â€Å"untainted† in green. He describes the scenic view of the field as it is covered with â€Å"plump Diaphanous. † This place is reflective of the serenity that Bathsheba enjoys in her reason, and it also reflects the beauty of her innocence that has been untainted, like field has an untainted colour, by her suitor’s scandal. Similarly in Jane Austen’s â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† Darcy’s estate reflects the new found beauty Elizabeth finds in his character. The natural beauty in Darcy’s estate relates to the untainted virtue that Darcy has possessed since childhood, as the natural beauty of the field relates to the innocence of Bathsheba. However, when she approaches Troy, she is unexpectedly descending into a scandal and irrationality. The pit is a place that represents Bathsheba’s enthrallment to Troy-there she is taken by Troy’s sword practice and left feeling desirous after he kisses her. She has also opened herself up to scandal through entering the pit. Troy has impregnated a girl, Fanny Robin, and Bathsheba is unaware of this. The pit is also a place of concealment. In this environment, Bathsheba and Troy are concealed away from the rest of the world, and Troy is free to practise his designs upon her, uninterrupted. The concealment of the setting reflects the concealment of Troy’s true cruelty. During their meeting, Bathsheba is completely unaware of the scandal that Troy is guilty of-he has abandoned his pregnant former lover. The pit is also a place where light is narrowly concealed. The darkness of the setting may reflect the darkness of Troy’s true character. In a similar way, in Hardy’s â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbivilles,† Alec’s rape of Tess is concealed in a dark and misty night. His deed like Troy’s seductive shows, is also concealed from the view of other characters, and as a result, both are cast in a sinister light, but Alec more so for is deed than Troy. In conclusion Hardy uses setting to reflect the descent that Bathsheba encounters physically and emotionally when she is to meet Troy. Hardy also describes Bathsheba’s apprehension when meeting Troy in order to cause their meeting to appear more significant to the reader than other scenes in the novel; a technique employed by Mary Shelley in â€Å"Frankenstein. † His description of her blood rushing, and the fire that she feels inside herself functions to describe her desire for Troy, and this also signals the beginning of Bathsheba’s reason being broken into.

Privacy And Islam Essay

Islam is a religion that teaches respect, that recognizes the importance of individual rights and that preaches the honoring of freedom and equality. In the article the author attempts to examine the importance and sacredness of privacy in Islam. He also tries to locate the extent to which the right to privacy has been regulated in different Islamic countries and the methods of regulation used. Pakistan is used a case study to examine how laws pertaining to data protection have been drafted with the European market in mind. The author attempts to analyze whether the laws are in accordance with and based on Islamic principles of privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The article first outlines the references to privacy in the Holy Quran. These range from verses stressing the importance of privacy in the home and of family members. The importance of chastity and modesty is stressed upon, as is the magnitude of guarding against the spreading of private information, especially, that which concerns an individual’s wrongs. The author argues that private information can be recognized as a form of property and that according to Islam individuals are completely free to do as they please in their own private spheres of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author then analyses the data protection and information law in Pakistan using the country as a case study. He shows how the areas identified for regulation and control include banking, data protection, cyber crime etc. He goes on to outline the main features of the law including the fact that it applies to data processing taking place within Pakistan and also focusing on how it facilitates without regulating. The author concludes that the law has been drafted to help in the growth of the outsourcing industries in Pakistan and that the law is in keeping with the Islamic principles of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. The criticism of the law is restrained to the fact that it is applicable only to the private sector and not the public sector.

Against Capital Punishment essays

Against Capital Punishment essays Many years ago convicted murders would face the risk of getting the death penalty. Many people now want capital punishment to be brought back. Capital Punishment cannot be reinstated due to the fact that it is cruel and unusual treatment. This paper will clearly demonstrate that capital punishment cannot be brought back because it is unconstitutional. This essay will show how it costs less to imprison someone then to execute them. Finally, this will show how imprisonment is a worse sentence then execution. Capital punishment cannot be reinstated because it would violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms sections 7 and 12. Section 7 of the CCRF states that Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. Section 7 guarantees us life, liberty and personal security of all Canadians. It also demands that governments respect the basic values of justice whenever it intrudes on those rights. This section is useful in criminal cases because an accused person faces the risk that, if convicted, their freedom will be lost. Section 12 of the CCRF states that Everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment of punishment. The death penalty is an unusual treatment because it only applied to capital murder and not to other offences in the Criminal Code. For example, the Supreme Court of Canada held that a law creating a minimum sent ence of seven years imprisonment for the crime of importing narcotics into Canada, regardless of how much is involved, is cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty should not be brought back also because it would cost less to imprison someone then to execute them. A 1993 study conducted by Duke University showed the death penalty in North Carolina costs $2.16 million per execution more than ...

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays

How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essays How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay How does the director Steven Spielberg use filmic techniques to build suspense and tension for the audience in the film jaws Essay Essay Topic: Jaws To Build a Fire Steven Spielberg is now recognised as one of Hollywoods leading directors; a filmmaker who expresses his identity over a body of films. However, when he directed Jaws in 1975 he didnt have the expansive film technology that he now carries. The film does, though, contain several important elements that would be eventually recognised as part of a Spielberg film. His work in creating suspense and tension is recognised by critics all over the world.The film was surrounded by hype; mainly due to the lack of order in financing the film after it ran over budget, but readers of Peter Benchleys novel JAWS were anticipating a blockbuster of their time. Whilst Spielberg stated that the film was tacky but marvellous it proved to be a benchmark in his passage into stardom, his use of tension techniques becoming a main element within a Spielberg film.The tagline Dont go into the water has been etched into cinema folklore and the dur dur theme tune can be heard in a variety of films, quite possibly making it one of the worlds most renowned theme tunes.The title sequence is an important element in the film JAWS with the dur dur theme tune being introduced. The point of view shot (POV) along with the dur dur theme music creates a fear factor that is prominent throughout the film. The sharks power is amplified right from the beginning. The camera, or the shark, increases its speed in conjunction with the music increasing in tempo, demonstrating the incredible speed that the shark is capable of moving. This early signal alerts viewers to the alarming power the shark possesses. This implements a tension that is long spanned in the viewers mindset.The film begins with a mid shot of a seemingly average teenage party with a strangely chilling diegetic harmonica. This may alert viewers to the factor that everything might not be as it seems. The only light sources are the moon and a blazing fire. Lack of light can build a strong tension due to strained visibility. Fire, although it can provide warmth and comfort, it is often used in the visualisation of hell, and the use of the fire could also be read as a warning signal of what is to come. Chrissie asks to go skinny dipping and the track shot follows Chrissie and Tom, attempting to get undressed but Tom seems to be struggling, this shows us that he may be a liability to Chrissies cause.When Chrissie gets into the water the long shot shows her insignificance and scale to water, telling us that there is no escape. The bells clang, reminiscent of bells at a funeral, the shot and sound combined creates a scary prospect considering the title of the film. The setting is the most obvious element of the suspense. The scene is set at night, the setting where the majority of most horror movies takes place, severely limiting both the characters and the audiences visibility. As we seek more as Chrissies life hangs in the balance, we are restricted, building a frantic suspense. While in the water, Chrissie is suddenly jerked around by an unseen force and then pulled under.A close up of the horrified girls face builds a tension because you dont know what it is that is yanking at her legs. Her screaming is frantic, her legs splash, the audiences know this is the worst thing she can do. We care about her life and as the suspense grows we worry more. The sound at this point is very loud for a long period of time as the tension builds as Chrissie eventually goes under the water. The silence that follows this will scare audiences; this theme is continued throughout the film. Silence is a tension similar to the other tactic employed by Spielberg; keeping the shark out of visibility. The phobia of the water is enforced during this scene, a long spanning tension employed by Spielberg.This first attack may leave the killer open for debate as you do not see the shark during the duration of Chrissies death. As the film continues you see more and more of the shark, this creates an aura of tension and suspense as be fore every attack audiences are unsure to how much they will be exposed to. Spielberg is increasing the films psychological impact. The audience is forced to imagine what the shark looks like, rather than be told.Music in the film JAWS is used to fulfil the genre, however, when Quint, Brody and Hooper are on the boat, adventure seeking music is used occasionally. Spielberg only uses the dur dur when the shark attacks, not as a red herring. The audience may feel trapped through even the slightest and most subtle use of sound. In the second attack more horrific variations on the shark ostinato alter the way the shark is perceived, however in the Ben Gardners Boat scene an evocative, ominous searching cue that features an alien, strange tone conveyed through ascending string notes, and flute triads give an eerie feel rather than a frantic one. Hints of the shark ostinato play throughout, finally climaxing in a huge synthesizer tone. These changes in sound all add to tension as they are different false alarming teqniques.The genre Thriller is sometimes defined by suspense and Spielbergs critical use of false alarms develop a firm grasp with audiences. The director picks his moments to strike.The second attack makes use of false alarms to build tension, after Chrissies death audiences are nervous as to when the shark will strike once more. This attack takes place in daylight and comes as a surprise to the people of Amnity Island; however, for audiences the tension is stronger due to the amount of people present. This signifies more danger and more chance of death. As Brody sits and examines the beach, false alarms occur to develop this pattern in the film. The yellow lilo is prominent in this scene as a shot of the lilo going out is concluded later in the film with a shot of a ripped up version of the lilo. Brody, alone, watches the beach, a man with a secret. His neighbours discuss various topics, and one of them comes to pester him about some parking hassles obst ructing the camera angle of the sea, this brings back the tension of sight difficulties.The frisson between the triviality of Amity life and the life-and-death struggle Brody is silently engaged and its unbearable for him to cope with. Theres the old man with the hat scene, a false-scare that serves as a small misdirect due to his strange likeness to a shark. There is some more suspense as a boy calls for his dog that is missing in the water. Along with a clever camera angle (shallow focus which sees everything blurred but the girl on shoulders) that makes a girl on a boys shoulders look menacing. Tension has been built as to when the shark will strike. As audiences are sucked in, Spielberg strikes. Young Alex Kinter is killed in very spectacular fashion, the shark seemed to come up from underneath him and cause a volcano of blood.A long shot of his climatic death provides the extravagant and disturbing suspense needed. This death makes use of shark POV shots from under the water. C hildren splashing and the scene with the yellow lilo are viewed from the sharks perspective, the splashing very reminiscent of Chrissies death. As the shark moves steadily underneath the children, tension is built as it lifts closer to certain individuals, unsure of who will become the next victim.Brody has now seen the shark in a dramatic zoom shot from the beach; his perspective has been altered along with the audience. The holiday date of 4th July suddenly seems to dawn on audiences. We know this is the perfect time for the shark to kill; the suspense every time someone goes near the water is torturous.The next attack sees two comedic characters attempt to catch the shark with a holiday roast. The suspense surrounding this attack is very strong after previous events. You fear for both the men. The shark takes the bait and heads out to sea, taking the end of the dock, and one of the men, with it. This moment makes use of the mid shot, making sure all significant factors are in the shot. The second the man goes into the water, we fear for his life, and we do not relax until his feet get out of the water, this tension has been built up through the fear of the water factor. Spielberg even lets the camera linger (low angle) on his feet scrambling over the collapsed dock, knowing that we are waiting for the shark to leap up and snatch the man away. We dont see the shark in this scene adding to the psychological barrier being built up between the shark and viewers. This build up of tension has been cancelled out by the man getting away; we are being lulled into a false sense of security.In these first attacks, Spielberg has established the water as the dividing line between safety and danger. Do not go into the water is firmly etched into viewers mindsets.When Hooper and Brody go out on Hoopers boat to investigate, Hooper gets into the water. The darkness is a suspense builder especially with a fairly timid flash light being the only source of light. As a POV shot of Hoopers movement edges closer to the boat, tension builds as an ostinato of music builds. Ben Gardners head emerges from the hull of the boat in the musics climax, a high point of climatic tension in the film JAWS.Spielberg has used a variety of camera teqniques to build such tension in the film Jaws. Long/distant shots of boats show the vulnerability of a boat to the sea, creating a tension that there is no escape. Tracking shots in the 2nd attack are used to create suspense and mid shots in the scenes with Quint, Brody and Hooper allow the audience to examine the scale of human to shark and the strength the shark possesses.The 4th of July Regatta arrives, amid great controversy. Thousands of people arrive at the Amity dock, but the first thing Spielberg shows us in this scene is a souvenir stand selling shark jawbones. This is a tension that is built after we are shown that they are selling their worst fear as souvenirs. Brody has an armada of deputies surrounding the swimming area, helicopters and walkie-talkies, all the security 20th-century technology can muster, the suspense is rising, and we think that something is going to happen.A midshot takes in the happy holiday swimmers but we know that in the water is danger, only being free and clear of it is safety. Brodys fear becomes our fear; we are in the exact same position, which is where Spielberg wants an audience to be. This mindset has been stemmed from tension built earlier in the film. There is the cardboard fin false alarm, and the panic on the beach as the swimmers pound in to safety. The cardboard fin false alarm gives the audience a sigh of relief after a build up of suspense. Our attention is on the beach and Spielberg now puts the camera in high angled fashion on the pond, the place for old ladies, where Brodys son Michael is boating. Michael now becomes the vulnerable person nearest the shark and the tension rises when an onlooker sees the shark before Michael. A track shot of Michaels mo ther running down the beach alerts us as to who is in danger. The shark swims right by Michael in an above the water shot, we expect him to be attacked; however, he is raised from the ocean and taken to hospital safely. The suspense is lowered briefly until another above the water shot moves speedily towards a man in the water. Despite the success of Michael, a man is killed with his leg bitten off. An underwater shot tracks the leg as it hits the ocean floor. The tension that had been brewing had climaxed with an element of gore.The shark is slowly exposed more and more, a tension technique that is used to impeccable effect, especially when Brody, Hooper and Quint go out on the boat. A close up shot from behind Brody shows him coming face to face with the shark. Brody is playing with some knots but Spielbergs timing is impeccable. The scene of Brody looking at the camera, building a suspense as the sea is in view, and griping about the knots, to him standing up stock-straight as he comprehends the monster, to him backing into the cabin to say Youre gonna need a bigger boat is excellent. The suspense is slowly built up, the camera never leaving Brodys face but allowing the audience to see the water.A long shot of the boat in front of a dark moonlit sky shows the possible insignificance or scale of boat to sea. We are beginning to see that there is no escape and the sharks intelligence combined with the size of the boat is a tension that Spielberg has cleverly placed. The three begin singing Show me the way to go home in a mid shot of Quint and Hooper, whilst banging on the table in joyous moods, productively adding to their own downfall as they cant hear the shark banging against the boat. The camera lingers on Quint, Brody and Hooper before flashing back to the damage being done by the shark, the tension increases because we yearn for them to notice it for their own safety. The boards bend inward and water spurts inside the hull, a low placed camera shot, pos sibly from the top of the stairs, shows the water level rising. Our breathing stops because the water is coming in the boat, and Spielberg has done such an excellent job, through tension, of establishing that the water itself is an object of dread. Seconds later, the shark rams the boat and Brody falls into the water portrayed from a low angled camera shot.A close up shot of Brody shows him trying to ring for help only for Quint to destroy it. This suspense is a reaction to the reality that the threesome will be deprived of the outside world. Now that the shark has decided to wreck the boat, a plan is announced (A mid shot in soft focus shows Brody and Hooper talking. Quint, who is blurred, stands at the helm of the boat, bringing the attention to Hooper and Brody) to lead him into shallow waters and drown him. Quint is visibly disappointed by this plan and proceeds to destroy the boats motor. A mid shot in deep focus shows Quint at the forefront of the boat, singing in a slightly i nsane manner. A background of Hooper and Brody in disbelief builds suspense because they look incapable of stopping Quint. We are worried as to what Quint is doing and the tension is built as the smoke intensifies. We are maybe waiting for the boat to explode in a time bomb fashion.Another high point of tension is the scene when Hooper goes in the water. A close up shot of Hooper sees him declare his plan with, Have you got any better ideas. A shot from above the metal container has Brody, Quint and Hooper featured, this being a very tension filled scene, you feel this is the climax. There is a short preparation montage where we get our reminder of the oxygen tanks. Going into the water builds a tension within audiences because we expect Hooper to die however, he goes into the water to prove his worth and fails miserably, hiding behind a rock. Various angles are used to portray different sides of the shark. A shot from underneath the container shows the shark tangling with the conta iner, suspense runs through this scene as we see the shark in full. Some POV shots show the power of the shark ramming into the metal, the tension rises as the metal bends more and more. A mid shot of both Hooper and the shark shows the size comparison and when Hooper loses his spike that was to be used to kill the shark the suspense raises to its climax and we think this is Hoopers end. A fairly long shot of Hooper swimming to the rock is a nerve wracking moment as we know the shark could appear at any moment.In another scene, following Hoopers attempts, the shark jumps into the boat; a parallel sound accompanies the shark. Quint wants to kill the shark but falls steadily towards the gaping hole of the sharks mouth. Reverting shots of Quint and Brody show the contrasts and Brodys incapability to save Quint. The close up shot of just Quints legs struggling to avoid his end creates a massive tension as we await his legs to be bitten. A mid shot from behind Quint features the sharks m outh and Quint struggling to get away from the sharks mouth; the variety of shots show different angles that build tension. It seems to take for ages for Quint to die, the tension increasing per second. This is coupled with the loudness increasing ostinato that accompanies this scene. None diegetic sounds with a frantic feel add to the audiences feelings of suspense. This could possibly be the highest moment of tension within the film.In the final scene, there is already a remaining tension from Quints death. The boat is sinking and Brody is alone. The music ostinato begins again and long shots of the shark build the tension as the shark moves towards the boat. Brody fuses Hoopers science with Quints rifle and prepares to kill the shark. A long shot shows Brody climbing up the mast before preparing to shoot. The suspense is building and you know this is the climax. Mid shots that involve Brody with the gun and the sharks fin moving closer build tension as we prepare for the shark to get to Brody. The sound loudness and speed of ostinato grows as the shark gets closer, another suspense builder.A close up of Brodys face shows his concentration as one of his shots goes wide. The boat continues to sink, portrayed with more long shots. A POV shot shows the shark getting closer and when the oxygen tanks are thrown into the mouth of the shark, this is were we see the sharks mouth in full. The tension is at a climax in this scene and Spielberg allows the ostinato to reach its finale before Brody, in a close up, fires a gun shot that hits the oxygen tank. A long shot shows the volcano of blood and skin that erupt into the air. The tension is killed after a slow rise throughout the film.A close up of Brody shows his exhaustion and excitement, as audiences we are relieved.This is the product of a build of tension created by music and camera shots. Spielberg uses building ostinato and misdirecting dur durs to build tension. The art of false alarms create suspense due to t heir misleading traits. The tension is also built through silence and not showing the shark, we are made to think.Spielberg has done a great job of creating a tension ridden masterpiece using camera and sound.